A Supermoon Trilogy

A supermoon is a full moon or a new moon that approximately coincides with the closest distance that the Moon reaches to Earth in its elliptic orbit, resulting in a larger-than-usual apparent size of the lunar disk as seen from Earth.The technical name is the perigee syzygy of the Earth–Moon–Sun system.The term supermoon is not astronomical, but originated in modern astrology.

The opposite phenomenon, an apogee syzygy, has been called a micromoon, though this term is not as widespread as supermoon.

Moon's Orbit 

 The most recent supermoon occurrence was on December 3, 2017, and the next one will be on January 2, 2018. The one on November 14, 2016 was the closest supermoon since January 26, 1948, and will not be surpassed until November 25, 2034. The closest supermoon of the century will occur on December 6, 2052.

It’s hard for our eyes to distinguish these small changes in size when the Moon is high amidst the vastness of the night sky. But any time you catch a full Moon as it rises or sets, while it’s suspended low on the horizon beaming through the silhouettes of trees or buildings, its apparent size might make you do a double-take. You almost feel as though you could reach out, grab the glowing orb, and drop it into your coffee cup. Even more so if it’s a supermoon.

If you can only catch one episode of the supermoon trilogy, catch the third one. It will be extra special.

First of all, the January 31^st supermoon will feature a total lunar eclipse, with totality viewable from western North America across the pacific to Eastern Asia. The Moon’s orbit around our planet is tilted so it usually falls above or below the shadow of the Earth. About twice each year, a full Moon lines up perfectly with the Earth and Sun such that Earth’s shadow totally blocks the Sun’s light, which would normally reflect off the Moon.

 Supermoon in January 2018

The Wolf Moon on the night between January 1 and January 2, 2018 is a Supermoon. Since the Moon’s orbit is elliptical, one side (apogee) is about 30,000 miles (50,000 km) farther from Earth than the other (perigee).  Nearby perigee full Moons appear about 14% bigger and 30% brighter than full Moons that occur near apogee in the Moon's orbit.

Terminology

The name supermoon was coined by astrologer Richard Nolle in 1979, arbitrarily defined as:

... a new or full moon which occurs with the Moon at or near (within 90% of) its closest approach to Earth in a given orbit (perigee). In short, Earth, Moon and Sun are all in a line, with Moon in its nearest approach to Earth.

Nolle also claimed that the moon causes "geophysical stress" during the time of a supermoon. Nolle never outlined why he chose 90%.

The term perigee-syzygy or perigee full/new moon is preferred in the scientific community. Perigee is the point at which the Moon is closest in its orbit to the Earth, and syzygy is when the Earth, the Moon and the Sun are aligned, which happens at every full or new moon. Hence, a supermoon can be regarded as a combination of the two, although they do not perfectly coincide each time.

How To Click Supermoon

Supermoon

Bill Ingalls, NASA's senior photographer, sharing the tips to capture the moon, said, "Don't make the mistake of photographing the moon by itself with no reference to anything." He recommends personalizing the experience by using people in the shot. "There are lots of great photos of people appearing to be holding the moon in their hand and that kind of thing. You can get really creative with it," he said.

To get the right light balance of the moon on newer iPhones and other smartphones, he advises, "Tap the screen and hold your finger on the object (in this case, the moon) to lock the focus. Then slide your finger up or down to darken or lighten the exposure."

For digital SLR photography, he advises, "Keep in mind that the moon is a moving object. It's a balancing act between trying to get the right exposure and realizing that the shutter speed typically needs to be a lot faster."

Best Time To Enjoy Supermoon

 The best time to enjoy a supermoon is after moonrise when the moon is just above the horizon. At this position, a supermoon will look bigger and brighter.

Clicked From:- Canon 80D

Source:- Nasa,Wiki,Books
Video and Images Editor:- Mr.Aman Kashyap
Text Editor:- Sara,
Special Thanks To:- Mr. Bhharat Sarkar, Members of Nasa, Geek Members 

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Satellite detects mysterious signals

There are many types of mysteries including ghosts, supranational things and many more...

Dark Matter

China’s dark matter particle explorer satellite has detected unexpected and mysterious signals in its measurement of high-energy cosmic rays raising questions whether they are dark matter for which scientists have spent decades searching

Odd Radio Signals Detecter

.The satellite which is also called Wukong, or Monkey King, has measured more than 3.5 billion cosmic ray particles with the highest energy up to 100 tera-electron-volts (TeV), including 20 million electrons and positrons, with  high energy resolution .Here we are presenting journey of satellite.

This might bring scientists a step closer to the most awaited invisible dark matter...

More than 100 Chinese scientists and engineers, together with those from Switzerland and Italy, took part in the development of Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) and the analysis of its data.

“The DAMPE has opened a new window for observing the high-energy universe, unveiling new physical phenomena beyond our current understanding,” Chang Jin, chief scientist of DAMPE and vice director of the Purple Mountain Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) said.

The initial study  resulted to the precise measurement of the electron and positron spectrum in an energy range between 25 giga-electron-volts (GeV) and 4.6 TeV that was  published in the latest issue of the academic journal, Nature.

Electron And Positron Spectrum

“This is the first time a space experiment has reported the detailed and precise electron and positron spectrum up to about 5 TeV. In this energy range, we found some unexpected and interesting features. We have detected a spectral break at 0.9 TeV and a possible spike at 1.4 TeV,” Chang said.

Dark matter, which have never been seen is like a puzzle that needs to be solved .....The ghost-like material is one of the great mysteries of science.

Scientists have calculated that normal matter, such as galaxies, stars, trees, rocks and atoms, accounts  only al 5 percent of the whole universe whereas about 26.8 percent of the universe is dark matter and 68.3 percent dark energy.

Exploration of dark matter will be a big step in the field of physics and space science.

 Any discovery in this area could be as important and interesting as heliocentric theory, the law of gravity, the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics.

China’s DAMPE was sent into an orbit of about 500 kms above the earth on December 17, 2015.

Chang Jin, Chief Scientist Of DAMPE

Based on DAMPE’s data, scientists drew the cosmic ray electron and positron spectrum, from which they try to solve the hidden secrets of the universe.

Exploration the hidden secrets of the universe

On the spectrum, scientists found a break at around 0.9 TeV and a strange spike at around 1.4 TeV. “We never expected such signals,” Chang said.

DAMPE’s design life is three years, but as it is performing so well, it is expected to work much longer. “DAMPE will continue to collect data to help us better understand the anomaly, and might bring dark matter out of the shadows,” Chang said.



Source:- Wikipedia,Book,Internet.
Image and Video Editor:- Mr. Aman Kashyap
Text Editor:- Sara Singh
Special Thanks To:- Mr. Bhharat Kumar ,DAMPE Members ,Chief Scientist Chang Jin.

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MATHEMATICS:-The Language Of Universe

MATHEMATICS, served as a subject in the whole world has been an important part of human life since a very long time. Every culture on earth has developed some mathematics. Not only this, even mathematics have played an important role in uniting different countries together.So let's see the more about this 'Powerfull Uniting Element" from the video.

It has evolved from simple counting, measurement, calculation,  systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects through the application of abstraction, imagination and logic to the broad, complex and often abstract discipline that we often use today.

Fibonacci Numbers in petals of various flowers

The Mathematics Of Human Body

From the age of early livelihood to the modern civilisation it has evolved much. But still the question is from where it started?

Now we can see its international predominant system, and this mathematics has quite a history. It has roots in ancient Egypt and Babylonia, then grew rapidly in ancient Greece. The East carried on the baton, particularly China, India and the medieval Islamic empire, before the focus of mathematical innovation moved back to Europe in the late middle ages and Renaissance. Then, a whole new series of revolutionary developments occurred in 17th century and 18th century Europe, setting the stage for the increasing complexity and abstraction of 19th century mathematics, and finally the audacious and sometimes devastating discoveries of the 20th Century.

Mathematics written in ancient Greek was translated into Arabic. About the same time some mathematics of India was translated into Arabic. Later some of this mathematics was translated into Latin and became the mathematics of Western Europe. And with the flow of time, it became the mathematics of world.

It is beyond the scope is this study to discuss every single mathematician who has made significant contributions to the subject, just as it is impossible to describe all aspects of a discipline as huge in its scope as mathematics. My intention is to introduce some of the major thinkers and some of the most important advances in mathematics, without getting too technical or getting bogged down in too much detail, either biographical or computational.

There are other places in the world that developed significant mathematics, such as China, Southern India, and Japan, and they are interesting to study, but the mathematics of the other regions have not had much influence on current international mathematics. There is of course much mathematics being done these and other regions, but it is not the traditional maths of the regions, but international mathematics.

 Now let's talk about one of the greatest discoveries of mathematics"π" in which the Egyptians calculated the area of a circle by a formula that gave the approximate value of 3.1605 for π. The first calculation of π was done by Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC), one of the greatest mathematicians of the ancient world. And the Mars Rover landing work depends on the ground braking system that turn mathematics into the language of science
"The Law Of Falling Body." 

By far, the most significant development in mathematics was giving it firm logical foundations. This took place in ancient Greece in the centuries preceding Euclid. Logical foundations give mathematics more than just certainty-they are a tool to investigate the unknown.

By the 20th century this "unknown" could be seen by very few including David Hilbert, a leading mathematician of the turn of the century. In 1900 he addressed the International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris, and described 23 important mathematical problems.

Mathematics continues to grow at a phenomenal rate with no visible end. We need to admit that mathematics have always played an important and interesting role in science and will continue to do so.

Fact 1:The spiral shapes of sunflower follow a fibonacci sequence.

Fact 2:Number 9 is believed to be a magic number. It is because if you multiply a number              with 9,add all digits to resulting number, the sum would always come out to be 9.

Fact 3:The word hundred is derived from the word "hundrath", which actual means 120 and not 100.

Fact 4:Ancient Babylonians did math in base 60 instead of base 10, That's why we have 60 seconds in a                   minute and 360 degrees in a circle 
Fact 4:111,111,111×111,111,111=12,345,678,987,654,321

Dedicated To Mr.Vikas Chhawari

Source: Books,Wikipedia,Internet,Slide share.

Special Thanks To:- Mr.Bhharat Kumar,NOVA Members, NASA .

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Stellar Black Holes

“The Black hole”-one of the strangest and fascinating topic....
Initially it was considered that its gravitational pull is so strong, not even light can escape it. Stephen Hawking is famous for showing that this isn't actually true. Let's first know about the black hole clearly...
Black holes are not actually black. Instead, these gravitational sinks are thought to emit radiation that causes them to shrink and eventually disappear. This phenomenon, one of the weirdest things about black holes, was predicted by Stephen Hawking more than 40 years ago.

An artists’ impression of a black hole. Astronomers are in the process of piecing together the first pictures captured of a black hole.Source:AFP

The Hawking radiation that bears his name allows matter to escape from the grip of a black hole. In fact, it suggests that an isolated black hole would slowly evaporate away and cease to exist. Hawking radiation is expected to be so diffuse that we could only detect it if we could somehow find or create a black hole isolated from all other matter. 
After seven years of often solitary study, Jeff Steinhauer, an experimental physicist, the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, has created an artificial black hole that seems to emit such ‘Hawking radiation’ on its own, from quantum fluctuations that emerge from its experimental set-up.

How microwaves get sucked into the artificial black hole
Credits:Qiang Cheng/Tie Jun Cui

Searching for the horizon

A feature called the event horizon plays a central role in both Hawking radiation and the new model system. At a real black hole, the space-time outside the event horizon may be distorted by the intense gravity, but the distortion is relatively limited. Inside the event horizon, however, space-time is stretched at a rate that's faster than the speed of light. Photons can't escape because the space-time they occupy is getting stretched away from the event horizon faster than the photon can move.
It was in the mid-1970s that Hawking, a theoretical physicist at the University of Cambridge, UK, discovered that the event horizon of a black hole — the surface from which nothing, including light, can escape — should have peculiar consequences for physics.

Even the emptiest region of space teems with fluctuations in energy fields, causing photon pairs to appear continuously, only to immediately destroy each other. But, just as Pinocchio turned from a puppet into a boy, these ‘virtual’ photons could become real particles if the event horizon separated them before they could annihilate each other. One photon would fall inside the event horizon and the other would escape into outer space.

This, Hawking showed, causes black holes both to radiate — albeit extremely feebly — and to ultimately shrink and vanish, because the particle that falls inside always has a ‘negative energy’ that depletes the black hole. Most controversially, Hawking also suggested that a black hole’s disappearance destroys all information about objects that have fallen into it, contradicting the accepted wisdom that the total amount of information in the Universe stays constant.

A black hole for sound

Steinhauer creates a Bose-Einstein condensate by chilling a cloud of rubidium atoms down to where the atoms occupy the same quantum state. Rather than light or particles, however, Steinhauer focuses on photons, which are individual quanta of vibrational energy. 

To create an event horizon, Steinhauer first stretches the condensate out so that it behaves like a one-dimensional system. Then, he uses lasers to control the flow of the condensate, creating a critical transition. On one side of the transition, the atoms flow at speeds that are below the speed of sound in the condensate. On the other side of the transition, however, atoms flow away at faster than the speed of sound. Any photons that are generated on that side of the transition can never cross it, since the condensate travels away from it faster than they can propagate.

With the groundwork complete, Steinhauer turns to measuring the correlation between phonons densities on either side of his event horizon.

But the measurements work. Phonons on opposite sides of the event horizon show a strong correlation in density that is the equivalent of entanglement. And these entangled pairs of phonons cover a broad spectrum of energy, exactly as predicted by Hawking's work.

Bose-Einstein Condensate

Prof. Steinhauer Jeff

The implications are significant, and Steinhauer puts them succinctly: “The measurement reported here verifies Hawking’s calculation, which is viewed as a milestone in the quest for quantum gravity. The observation of Hawking radiation and its entanglement confirms important elements in the discussion of information loss in a real black hole.

Fact 1: You can’t directly see a black holes.
Fact 2: Black holes are only dangerous if you get too close.
Fact 3: The Nearest Black Hole to the earth is 1600 light years away.
Fact 4: The Black Holes are not funnel-shaped;they are spheres
Fact 5: Black holes can generate energy more efficiently than our sun 

Source:Books,Internet,Nasa,  
Thanks to: Prof.Jeff Steinhauer(The Technion Department of Physics)

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Half the Universe is missing matter has just been finally found!!

A scientific law called "The Law of Conservation of Mass", discovered by Antoine Lavoisier, in its most compact form says that matter can neither be created nor be destroyed.

Measuring the Hubble flow of variable stars, galaxies, supernovae etc. tells us how much matter, radiations and other forms of energy need to be present. We can also measure the large-scale structure of the Universe and from clustering of galaxies on a variety of scales determine how much total as well as how much is normal matter and how much is dark, there needs to be.

Credit:Image by Nasa 

Firstly moving to the Big Bang, it offers a completely independent piece of data: the total amount of normal matter(atom based) that must exists. From all the different lines of evidence, we see the same picture. The fact that about 5% of the Universe's energy is normal matter, 27% is dark matter and the other 68% is dark energy has been known for nearly 20 years now, but it remains as puzzling as ever. The question is, what the concept of dark matter all about? We know from a slew of observations that dark matter exists and we know its generic properties, yet we have to directly detect it or find the particle(s) responsible for it. And even the normal matter - the stuff made of protons, neutrons and electrons- isn't fully accounted for.

The Universe is missing half its matter. Scientists have faced this cosmological problem for many years, there is a huge imbalance between how much we see and how much our models say, should be there.

Scientists believe that about 70 % of the Universe is made up of dark energy, the mystery force is thought to be driving its expansion. About a quarter is dark matter and the remaining 5% is dark matter- the physical substance that makes up every thing we seen in the universe, including planets, stars and galaxies.

However our observation of normal matter (protons, neutrons ans electrons) only account for about 2.5% of the universe and the rest of it is nowhere to be found. This mismatch is knows as "the missing baryon problem". Two teams of researchers have now claimed to have resolved this issue.

Credit:Image by Nasa

According to new scientist, Hideki Tanimua, from the institute of Space Astrophysics in Orsay, France, and Anna de Graaff, fro

m the University of Edinburgh, UK, have in two separate papers found the missing baryons in the hot filaments of gas that link galaxies together.

When the high energy radiation from the first stars passes through intergalactic space, the matter and light completely ignore each other, but the normal matter is vulnerable.

Credit:Image by Nasa 

Coming up to the missing matter again, the Hubble Space Telescope searches for missing ordinary matter, called baryons by looking at the light from quasars several billion light years away. Imprinted on that are the spectral fingerprints of the missing ordinary matter that absorbs the light at specific frequencies shown in the colorful spectra at right. The missing baryonic matter helps trace out the structure of intergalactic space, called the "cosmic web".

Credit:Image by Nasa

Probing the vast cosmic web will be a key goal for the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) a $ 70 million instrument designed and built by CU-Boulder with Ball Aerospace & Technology Corp. of Boulder to probe the nearby galaxies and the distant universe. Astronauts plans to install it on Hubble during a servicing  mission later this year.

The COS team hopes to observe 100 additional quasars and build up a survey of more than 10,000 hydrogen filaments in the cosmic web, many laced with heavy elements from early stars.

The two confirmed that the missing ordinary matter in the universe can be found in the form of filaments of hot, diffuse gas linking galaxies together.

Credit:Image by Nasa

While long predicted, these gases have a tenuous nature that has made them impossible to detect using X-ray telescopes. To get around that, both team made use of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect. This phenomenon occurs when leftover light from the Big Bang passes through hot gases, leaving behind a trace of the gas that can be captured. A map of this effect within the observable universe was produced by the Planck satellite in 2015.

Using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, each team chose pairs of galaxies supposedly connected by baryon strands. Then to make the faint individual signals more visible they stacked the Planck signals for these areas. The team at IAS combined 260,000 pairs of galaxies, while the Edinburgh team worked with more than a million pairs.

Their findings were similar. The IAS group found the baryon gases to be three times denser than the normal mass of matter in the universe, while the other group found them to be six times denser. In short, both found definitive evidences that the gas between the galaxies was dense enough to form filaments.

"The missing baryon is solved," Tanimua told the magazine. "We expected some differences [between the density] because we are looking at filaments at different distances. If this factor is included, our findings are very consistent with the group."

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